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\\GRAPHIC SERTES- INDI 


HIS is indeed India; the land of dreams and 
romance, of fabulous wealth and fabulous 

poverty, of splendor and rags, of palaces and 
hovels, of famine and pestilence, of the cobra 
and the jungle, the country of a hundred nations 
and a hundred tongues, of a thousand relig- 
ions and two million gods, mother of history, 
grandmother of legend, great-grandmother. of 
tradition—the one sole country under the sun 
that is endowed with an imperishable interest for 
alien prince and alien peasant, rich and poor, 
bond and free, the one land that all men desire to 
see, and having seen once would not give up 
that glimpse for the shows of all the rest of the 
globe combined. | 

MARK TWAIN 


315,000,000 People 
One-fifth the World’s 


Population 
1,802,657 Square Miles 


175 Persons 
to the Square Mile 


United States 
has 27 Persons to the 
Square Mile 


mn of India has Produced 


50 Clearly Different Languages 


217,000,000 Hindus 66,000,000 Mohammedans 
11,000,000 Buddhists 10,000,000 Animists 


3,500,000 Christians 


330,000,000 DEITIES 


some of them worshipped by millions, Ye 
some merely village idols, but not one y 


presenting a lofty ideal of conduct. 


5,500,000 HOLY MEN 


whose claim to holiness rests upon the 
fact that they do no work, but live upon 
the people by begging. 


3,000 CASTES 


members of which cannot eat together, 
drink together, intermarry, or have any 
form of intercourse. 


50,000,000 OUTCASTES 


who have no social or religious privi- 
leges, who are not permitted to enter a 
temple, or to speak the name of God. 


27,000,000 WIDOWS 


who are held responsible for the deaths 
of their husbands, and are not permit- 
ted to remarry. 


OLD INDIA is breaking down 


HE WAR is taking the Hindu over the 


‘Black Water,”’ and he is learning that the 
gods do not take vengeance on him for leaving 
his own country. He is learning also the superi- 
ority of some European ways. 


O INFERIOR CIVILIZA TIONS 

matter how firmly entrenched, can success- 

fully stand up against modern ways. Sooner or 

later it must step down. Methodism is playing 
a large part in the preliminaries. 


Under Modern Influences 


HE RAILWAY is one of the chief factors EARS’ SOAP AND SANATOGEN 

in the breakdown of Old India. It has sound more like America than India, yet 
brought the different sections of the country here they are, both calling out the death-knell 
into contact with each other. The railroad of Old India. 


mileage is three-fifths of the total of all Asia. 


" CAWNPORE: 
| MATCHLESS 


: 2 Food with Lasting 7 


. ‘ 


807 of the People 


plains, on rivers and on lakes, live eighty per cent of India’s millions. Hundreds of 
thousands of people live and die without ever seeing a school, a doctor, a hospital, a 
foreigner, a railroad, or a city. Ignorance and superstition abound. 


Filth and unspeakable immorality are but the natural results. And yet underneath each 
skin there lies a soul as precious to its Maker as is yours or mine—a soul quick to respond to 
the ideals that Jesus laid down for the guidance of mankind once the mind and heart are 
touched. Methodism has sufficient man-power to do this huge piece of work but lacks 
contents in its war chest. 


Spare away in villages among the hills and in the valleys, in the jungles and on the 


Live in 


4) 


oe , 
ll ee 


ss 


Many hundreds of them were sick with communicable diseases of the 

most virulent nature. / Other hundreds were in a state of such low vital- 
ity from malnutrition and exhaustion as to fall easy victims to the slightest 
exposure. \ But their religion bade them act! 


N one person in all this crowd knew what personal hygiene meant. 


They all went into the holy river together! And when they came out, other 
hundreds went in! Year in and year out, from time centuries old, this custom 
has gone on! It is going on today. And until Christianity conquers, and 
knocks down the props that uphold a picturesque but worse than useless civiliza- 
tion, India’s millions will continue to be sick! 


Oil and Ignorance 


HE native Indian doctor is a combination of quack and astrologer, who 
has nevertheless inherited not a little pharmaceutical wisdom. But, viewed 
from the heights of modern medicine, his ignorance is abysmal. 


The missionary doctor has to 
win his way against great odds. 
Centuries of superstition often 
make the native fear to trust him- 
self in the powerful hands of the 
modern physician. For one thing, 
the ignorant native questions the 
eflicacy of the pill of the white 
man, sucha f¢iny pill in comparison 
with the huge doses the Indian 


prescribes. Then too, the mission- 
ary’s medicine is pale and weak in 
color; it cannot have the strength 
of the heathen’s luridly colored 
liquid. But the doctor’s fame 
spreads when his tiny pills drive 
away pain and his skilled hands 
perform life-saving operations. 
From all over India we hear of the 
missionary performing wonderful 
feats of surgery. 


A native in the Bombay Confer- 
ence came to Dr. Corpron and paid 
the fee for a special private exam- 
ination. The physician found that 
the man needed no treatment. 


vs. Modern Medicine 


Whereupon the Indian admitted ° sae 
that he had come, not to be cured, bod Oy 
but to see the face of the 
man who had been such a 
blessing to the sufferers of the 
district. 


Government hospitals and 
dispensaries do much to 
arrest disease, but their num- 
ber is not great enough to 
alleviate the sufferings 
of more than one-tenth 
of the people. 


‘al a : : etgen x son U0 on te ed 
‘CENTRAL OFFICE). . RVI OOC IOI 
DISTRICT © pee | | 


The loss of life from the disgust- 
ing concoctions administered by 
the native doctors is appalling. 
They recommend an ointment for 
open sores, consisting of a motley 
collection of filth and herbs. 


To the mass of proud flesh on 
the neck of a man who had been 
mauled by a tiger was applied a 
native liquor and the bark ofa tree. 


Bamboo scrapings mixed with 
lime, red gravel or dust and water 
make a salve for open wounds. 


ini (- W A 


ir | 


Shades of antiseptics ! 


. 


952 NATIONAL 


Of India’s 315,000,000, only 18,000,000 
can read. 

Each white square represents a million 
literate persons. 

The black space is drawn to the same 
scale and represents the illiterate popu- 
lations 


ILLITERACY ! 


Of every hundred Hindus, five can read. 


Of every hundred Mohammedans, three 
can read. 


Of every hundred native Christians, six- 
teen can read. 


\ 


; say: en 7 
[ Shall Methodism be content with sixteen ?/ 14 
( | 


60.000 Methodist 


T hey can’t go to school, 


Children are without Schools 


couse there’s no school 


AN you imagine America’s Huckleberry Finn expressing any 
concern over such a condition? But most of India’s young- 
sters have never had a school, and to them it looks like Heaven. 

And, indeed, it opens the way to Heaven. For, besides Readin’ and 
Writin’ and ’Rithmetic, they learn a trade, and cleanliness, and godliness. 


Throughout India, Christians have a higher standard of literacy than 
any other class, but Methodists are in danger of losing this lead. Forty 
years ago we educated eighty per cent of our converts; now we are 
educating only forty per cent. In other words, there are in India 


60,000 Methodist children without schools. 


Every year children have to be turned away from the schools we 
have because we lack buildings and teachers. 


In one school of North India, teachers and pupils have to stand 
during chapel exercises because they have not room to sit down. 


In another, the boarding pupils must sleep in some old dispensary 
buildings. 


And fancy living in a mission house (which is also a boarding 
school) and having a hundred boys studying on your front porch! 


Government schools make some provision for caste children, but, 
through the prejudice of caste teachers, outcaste children are excluded 
from attendance in the Government institutions. 


The low-caste Indian makes only a few cents a day, and so he can 
not afford to spend even a few dollars a year for schooling. In this case 
the Lord’s workers must help those who can not help themselves. 


his Native School is 
But 1500 are entirely 


Neetinnar 
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spenders eh 1 Ir ye ei 


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Ni 


Trtteaeed hs 


Gize aif aby 


If India had ten times 1,500 village schools, each with 100 pupils, 
her need would still be a long way from being met. Methodism 
may not yet count her laurels. There ts still a gigantic task ahead. 


Typical of Methodismis 1500 


inadequate for the Need 


Fifty-four millions of people in India are dependent on you 
and on me—the Methodists of America—for the blessings that 
accrue from being able to read and write. 


95% of the men and 99% of 
the women of India have never 
learned the first letter of the 
alphabet. Ignorance rests 
like a shadow on the land. 


< ae 


HE State has made considerable effort to dispel that shadow. Besides opening 

a number of Government schools, the State gives grants to private bodies in 

proportion to the efhiciency of their organization and results achieved. More 
than three-fourths of the education of India is conducted by private bodies. Mis- 
sion societies represent a goodly number of these. 


One-ninth of the four million school children of India are in mission schools. 


They include 330,000 boys and nearly 100,000 girls. 


Age-old traditions bound a girl child to gross ignorance. An old Indian proverb 
says that ‘‘educating a girl is like putting a knife into the hands of a monkey.”’ 
Protestant missions were pioneers in the training of girls. And the sincerest form 
of flattery comes in the fact that recently Hindus and Mohammedans are imitating 
the scheme and establishing large and prosperous schools for girls in towns. 


Substantial Citizens 


DUCATION is one of the greatest needs of India. ~ In its train follow social 
elevation and relaxation of caste. A knowledge of engineering and irrigation 
will save vast districts from crop failure and consequent starvation. Training 

in wood-carving, weaving, brass-working, and lacquering will lift thousands of beg- 
gared outcastes to the plane of independent, self-respecting citizens, who can “‘look 
the whole world in the face.’’ 


Children brought under the influence of a Christian school form the nucleus of 
a Christian community. The kiddies are just 
like our kiddies. They are capable of respond- 
ing to the ideals we cherish in exactly the same 
degree that your boy and my girl respond. 


And as Methodism takes them on and on, 
from the first to the last stage of education, 
there is being slowly built up in the land of 
princes and paupers a civilization with its foun- 
dations set on solid rock. 


The road YOU 


traveled — who made 
that easy? 


India's 


N a land where the growing 
season is practically the 
whole twelve months of 


the year, there are +0,000,000 
people continually hungry. 
Eighty per cent of the people 
7 oe 7 live in rural districts, depen- 
ee Ss 2 Fes. dent upon agriculture for their 


tind 
pre ore Bm 


SESE. a otab ic eee existence, and STARVE. 

rea These people are hungry be- 
cause they don’t know how to 
farm. They use the same kind 
of plows their ancestors did in 
Bible times. The dry waste 
acres of land in one district 
supported only seven inhabi-,, 
tants to the square mile, 
whereas science and govern- 
ment help proved the soil to 


i 


i a £5: ee ee eet = . 
Nes 


eee 


There is a growing 
demand for books in the 
vernacular for Christian 
converts, textbooks for our 
schools, books which will 
convey to non-Christians 
the spirit of peace our faith  4-. 
inspires. 


eee ss 
aia. ee 
_ 
* 


In the bustle of a street meeting, or the crowd of a village church, the beauties of the 
Gospel message are often lost to the mind of a listener. But a little tract, which may 
be pondered over again and again in solitude, will drive home the truths of our religion. 


Future 


be capable of supporting almost forty times as many. What have plows to do with 
preaching? Just this. The Mass Movement is taking place among these people at 
the bottom of the castes—these people nearest the soil. Under present conditions, 
it is impossible to secure enough preachers and teachers to educate and admit the 
thousands of applicants to the Church. If they cannot raise enough wheat and 
millet to feed themselves, they cannot pay for education. 

But, in districts where a mission model farm school has taught these outcastes 
how to raise thirty bushels of wheat to 
the acre, instead of six, how to grow 
millet seventeen feet high, instead of 
two, how to save oxen in famine times 
by means of silage — these natives 
become independent (and properly 
fed) for the first time in their lives. 

If Christianity is to take root and 
become indigenous to the soil of 
India, it will do so when 
India’s farmers can sup- 
port their Church. 


hiilttii; 


MASS MOVEMENTS 


li SHE outcastes of India are turning toward 
Christianity in a great “Mass Movement.” 
Hinduism has given them no recognition. 

They have not been permitted to enter the 

temples, to receive the administrations of priests. 


or even to speak the name of God. Their very 
touch has been defiling. 


Along each of our three avenues of approach, 
education, medicine, and straight evangelistic 
work, this “Mass Movement” is a direct chal- 
lenge. © 


The outcaste cries to us, 1n a voice now heard 
far outside the borders of India, “Come, give 
me all you have.” 


They are turning to Christianity by the mil- 
lion in the hope lof a new {social and economic 
freedom. That they realize also the religious 
superiority of Christianity is proved by the fact 
that they are willing totsuffer persecution for 
their new faith. 


90Z of All Methodist Converts 


{ 


: 


-A CHALLENGE 


BURMA 


RANGOON 
e@ ‘ 


Colored spots on 
the map findicate 
| MILLION : where the “Mass 


CALLING MADRAS” 


IMILL 
r . CALLING 


Movement” 1s 
taking place * 


TUTI CORIN 


CALLING 
CEYLON 


Come from the OQUTCASTES 


CAN CASTE 


ASTE IS BEING CURED! 

At the top and bottom of the 

Hindu social structure are the 
two most vulnerable spots in the whole 
problem. Each one of these spots 1s 
being successfully attacked by the forces 
of light. 


Seven per cent. of India’s population 
belong to the upper or Brahmin class. 
These people are the best educated of any 
in the country. They are thrown more 


closely into contact with the foreigners 
than any of the other castes. They are 
beginning to understand that the Westerner has many customs and beliefs that 


are superior to theirs. The most intelligent among them see already that a social 
change is inevitable. Your missionaries are not neglecting the opportunity, and 
constantly and in ever-increasing numbers the Brahmin is throwing off that on 


which he has leaned for centuries, and is accepting Christ. 


The lowest order in India is the outcastes and they number fifty millions, or 
about fifteen per cent of the people. The lot of the outcaste is more miserable 
than that of a slave. He must live in a segregated district in the most undesirable 
part of the village. He may not use the village well or the village street lest he 
defile the Brahmin. The most menial toil is assigned to the outcaste. So depen- 
dent are the castes upon the outcastes for the performance of labor which 1s for- 
bidden to a caste people that it might easily be said that the outcastes of India 
carry the load of Hinduism. Once converted to Christianity, they will move out 


from under the pyramid, and the Hindu social structure will topple. 


Whole communities of these people are clamoring for Christianity and educa- 
tion. ‘They are refusing to accept any longer the menial, enslaved position in 
which they find themselves. They are reaching out for a bigger, better life and, 


when people begin to do that, no power on earth can stop them. 


BE CURED ? 


In between these two groups are the remaining seventy-eight per cent. of the 


people, also rigidly stratified, who will of necessity be forced to accept a new social 
plan as more and more of the outcastes are converted. 


It is a fact that the elevation of the outcastes, mentally, morally and spiritually, 
will provide the solution of the Indian problem as it is viewed by Methodism. 


VELOPING A 


T’S a long jump from the 
little cow-stable shown 
at the upper left to the 

sort of a structure at the 

lower right. More import- 
ant still, however, is the 
story in the centre illustra- 
tion. Methodism began its 
work in India in 1856 and its headquarters was the cow-stable. 

Today it has spread over thousands of square miles and has touched 

the hearts of millions. Where in the beginning Methodism had one 

representative she now has hundreds. The peculiar social structure 


offered advantageous points of attack and Methodism did not 
hesitate to wade in. 


I 


NATIONS SOUL 


TREMENDOUS 

step forward has 

been taken; a 
nation’s latent soul has 
been stirred to action. 
The future holds. still 
more wonderful oppor- 
tunity. It will be a 
doubtful one if Christian 
America holds back now. 


It will be a positive, 
Christian future if Chris- 
tian America does her 
bit today. 


Which Shall Be 


This 


WeET Ke 


IX. 


DAE 


Man Believes 


. That all life apart from the Supreme 


Being is evil, travail, and sorrow. 


. That murder and every form of crime 


may be practiced in the worship of the 
Gods. 


. That most of the 30,000,000 Gods are 


wicked and delight in visiting misfor- 
tunes upon those who worship them. 


. That a girl should marry at seven years 


—never after twelve. 


. That a widow should be voluntarily 


burned on the funeral pyre of her hus- 
band. 


. That he who lives a virtuous life is 


born into one of the higher of the 
3,000 castes. 


. That he who lives an evil life is born 


into one of the lower castes, or an ordi- 
nary animal. 


That outcastes should be forbidden to 
read the sacred book. 


That a man of caste commits a crime 
should he teach an outcaste how to 
expiate sin. 


X. That disease may be cured only by 
superstitious and religious manoeu- 
vers. 


XI. That he is a/part of God, but be- 
cause of his ignorance is unable to 
recognize his identity. 

That his sins will be wiped away 
when he bathes in the sacred waters. 


There are five and 


a half million “holy men” 


in India today 


he FUTURE LEADER 


This Man Believes 


ell 


VIII. 


»G 0h 


. That God reveals Himself unto 


. That Christ came that we might have life and 


have it more abundantly. 


. That God must be worshipped with clean 


hands and a pure heart. 


. That the Father which is in Heaven is ready 


to give good things to them that ask Him. 


. That a woman has a right to determine her 


own life. 


. That no one has the right to take his own 


life. 


. That the reward of a virtuous life is individ- 


ual salvation. 


That the punishment for an evil 
life is individual condemnation. 


That all men are equal in the 
sight of God. 


. That the highest life is a life of 


service to the unfortunate. 


. That divine forgiveness is the 


cure for sin. 


those who seek Him. 


That Christ alone can cleanse 
from sin. 


There are 6,563 Christian 
Religious Workers in India and 
2,713 Christian Teachers 


OUR PRESENT INVESTMENT 


(P TAT EI 4 A TA TA A AY A a AAI A BBB RI RIAN EES ATER BIS ESIRISSII DBOBIDNOODIBIE 
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ROPERTY valued at $2,430,735. A smooth 
running organization which has produced a 
Christian community numbering 337,728, 
increasing at the rate of 30,000 to 40,000 baptisms 
a year. Educational system, including Primary, 
Middle or “Grade,” High, Normal, Industrial, Com- 
mercial, and Theological Schools, with two large 
central Colleges. All teach the Bible daily to 40,588 


Christian and non-Christian pupils, 


Two publishing houses serving seven language 
centers containing 173,000,000 people. 


Well-organized young people’s work enrolling 
20,000 Epworthians and 139,000 Sunday-school 
pupils. Small but efficient medical work by our 
four hospitals and dispensaries. 


Force of 6,563 religious workers, including native 
preachers, 2,713 Christian teachers, 823 churches, 
chapels and homes. 


One college for women—One college for men. 


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OUR PROPOSALS FOR ThE FUTURE 


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ROVIDE primary education for over 60,000 

neglected Methodist children. Add 1,050 

native workers to shepherd the newly bap- 
tized thousands and instruct hundreds of thou- 
sands asking for baptism. 

Add 1,300 teachers for primary schools in order 
to meet the demand created by Mass Movement’s 
growth. Provide a permanent fund for publishing 
Christian literature to counteract efforts of anti- 
Christian press. 

Erect chapels and churches in areas where the 
Mass Movement has created hundreds of new con- 
gregations. Increase missionary force to meet the 
emergency of the Mass Movement and hold more 
strongly our great centers. 

Build houses for these additional missionaries 
and native pastors. 

Endow our theological seminaries and provide 
for each language area the necessary Bible train- 
ing schools for village workers. 


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Why We Ask $5,344,782 


ECAUSE the Methodist Church js defin- 
itely committed to the policy of Foreign 
Missions. Because India is one of the 

neediest foreign fields in which we operate. 


Why does not England—a Christian 
nation— provide the sorely needed assis- 
tance to her largest possession? 
Because the immediate need is 
greater than England or 
any other single nation can 


ngland—our 
can do 
now to look after he 
gation in connection with 
the great war. 


American Methodists 
are responsible for fifty- 
four million of people in 
India. We are asking 
$5,344,782 to cover a five- 
year period. This is at the 
rate of $1,068,956 a year 
or not quite two cents per 
year per person. 


India’s child millions are 
those who one day will 
be enjoying the world’s 
democracy for which our 
husbands and sons and 


>of AMERICAN METHODISTS 


brothers fight. These children must be made ready now to assume 
the duties that will be theirs. One of their greatest needs is Chris- 
tianity if their democracy is to be lasting. 


Our part in the great world struggle consists not merely of 
killing Germans. The constructive program is more to the liking 
of Americans, and the opportunity for world service presented by 
this Centenary movement is the logical point around which the 
American church will rally to a man. 


Most important of all, thousands of people in India are clam- 
oring for admission to Methodism. 


Can Methodism longer turn them away P 


The answer stands squarely up to YOU! 


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IHEN the United States entered the war 
in April, 1917, the conflict raging in 
Europe appeared to many people to 
differ but little, except in size, from pre- 
‘| ceding wars. 

1 When, however, President Wilson 
a 7 Gnas States into the conflict, he lifted the 
struggle into world significance by laying down a Great 
World Emancipation Plan. 

The world in spots has been an unfit place in which 
to live. We entered the war to make the world safe 
for Democracy and Democracy safe for the world, 
America has set this standard for the nations. Everywhere 
man’s equality must be recognized and insured; his right 
to come and go as he will, so long as he observes the 
common laws of humanity and concedes to every other 
man what he himself enjoys. 

World Betterment is the new cry. Every movement 
which aims to spread this attainment will take on added 
emphasis. Weak peoples, little peoples, far-away peoples, 
oppressed peoples are to have their day. By the common 
consent of our Allies, Woodrow Wilson, as chief executive 
of a great people enjoying the blessings of true Democracy, 
firmly holds the leadership in the movement for making 
the world a better place. 

The spirit of Democracy must be given an oppor- 


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India - Your Money 


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tunity to take root and to grow wherever the need exists. 
To accomplish that purpose we drew the sword, and we 
have succeeded. In our crusade we were sending food to 
three-fifths of Europe, relieving distress and suffering in 
France, Belgium and in Asia Minor. 

The impulse that forced us to do this, also demands 
that the Christian missionary program for the world must 
go forward in increasing measure. The fester-spots in 
the family of nations must be cleaned up. 

The Foreign Missionary Movement of the Methodist 
Church of America is one hundred years old! The 
Centenary Anniversary comes at a critical time in history. 
Everywhere people are raising the question, “Has Chris- 
tianity failed?” Christianity has not failed! 

It is the spirit of the Christ that cried out to Ger- 
many, “STOP.” It is the spirit of the Christ that 
compelled the Central Powers to lay down their arms 
and to acknowledge defeat. 

It is the spirit of the Christ that will bring freedom — 
political, economic and religious freedom —to all the 
peoples of the world. 

It is the spirit of the Christ that will fill the Centenary 
Missionary coffers to overflowing, in order that brother- 
hood, and love, and peace, and helpfulness, and true 
Democracy may be spread and maintained throughout 
the world. 


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FQPa7are 


THIS Boy has 
been taught to 
pray your way 


has been 
taught to understand 
what prayer means. 
He has been taught 
to read and writé 
and has been sup- 
plied with good 


literature. 


See what a won- 
derful effect has 
been produced! 


Look at his face 
and his eyes! Note 
his erect, manly car- 
riage. His finger- 
nails show that he 
has been taught 
something about 
personal hygiene. 


who Art in Heaven 


OT LONG before this picture was taken this lad was a 
N homeless, friendless child of India—one of hundreds of thou- 

sands. He lived in filth and ignorance—an orphan unsung, 
unloved. A Methodist missionary crossed his path and now, 
today — — — — 


Through this page, this little boy is calling to YOU now. 


Through thousands of miles of space his cry 
comes loud and clear. 


The tongue he uses is the tongue 
of hundreds of thousands of India’s 


children. 


They are both like him and unlike 
him, for but comparatively few have 
had his opportunities. 


Carry this laddie’s face with you as you turn the page. 


Remember as you read the message from our illustrious Presi- 
dent, and as you draw your check, that Woodrow Wilson was 
thinking of just such kiddies when he gave utterance to his beliefs. 


President Wilson 
Says: 


“VY THINK it would be a real 
misfortune, a misfortune of 
everlasting consequence, if 
the missionary program for 
the world should be interrupt- 
ed. There are many calls for 
money, but that the work 
undertaken should be con- 
tinued at its full force seems 
to me of capital necessity.” 


GRAPHIC SERIES 


PREPARED BY WORLD OUTLOOK FOR THE CENTENARY COMMISSION OF THE 
BOARD OF FOREIGN MISSIONS OF THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH 


fit FIFTH AVENUE ‘«NEW-YORK 


The Graphic Series embraces books on the following countries: 


CHINA JAPAN MALAYSIA NORTH AFRICA CENTRAL AFRICA 
INDIA KOREA MEXICO SOUTH AMERICA PHILIPPINES 


Copyright, 1918, by WorLpD OuTLOOK 


- 
- 


ks to approach Nirvana, not 


ho see 


etic w 
by deeds and service, but by inaction and self-torture. 


lu asc 


A Hinc 


4 


